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Campinas, janeiro de 2018.

 

Lead and other trace elements in edibles and in topsoil as a pathway for human contamination in a mining area in Brazil

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ABSTRACT

During the last century several lead mines and a metal smelter have operated in the Upper Ribeira Valley, located in southeastern Brazil. After fifty years of activity, the smelter was closed down in November 1995 and soon after the last mines in operation were also closed. In 1998, a multidisciplinary research group started carrying out an ambitious investigation among the population of the Ribeira Valley to assess human exposure to lead. The highest blood-lead levels were found among residents of vicinity of the smelter, where soil and indoor-dust were highly contaminated. In the present study, lead, chromium, copper, zinc and arsenic contents of several food species that comprise part of the local population diet were investigated. Samples of greens, vegetables, corn, chicken eggs and cow milk were collected in two occasions (July 2004 and February 2005) from two different areas: the Vila Mota village, which is close to the smelter, and the Serra village, far away from the smelting plant but still in the geological and mining context. Edibles were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Topsoil samples, collected from vegetable gardens, were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for both grain fractions <177 µm and <63 µm. The results are very impressive because 100% of the greens, vegetables and eggs from the Vila Mota village yielded lead concentrations exceeding the Pb limit of 0.5 mg.kg-1 established by Brazilian regulations. Lead concentrations up to 1540 mg.kg-1 were found in soil, far exceeding the 180 mg.kg-1 Pb threshold, considered the intervention value for agriculture use. On the other hand, elevated concentrations of lead in edibles collected at the Serra mining district were not observed. The quality of edibles and soils were also tested for other trace elements such as Cr, Cu, Zn and As, but the results do not indicate that they are potentially hazardous to public health. However, considering the lead contamination at the Vila Mota village alone, the maximum tolerable weekly dose of lead is exceeded by about 4 times solely through local food consumption. The whole situation exposes these families to a great risk on a long term basis. Immediate environmental intervention is required in order to mitigate contamination effects and human exposure to lead

KEYWORDS

Lead, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, food, topsoil, Ribeira Valley, Brazil

 

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